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Advances in technology – such as microscopic imaging and molecular techniques – have the potential to transform our understanding of global ocean health, according to the authors of a new study.

However, they should not be employed at the expense of long-term plankton monitoring programmes, which continue to provide an essential role in tracking how our seas are shifting in the face of a changing global climate.

, some of Europe’s leading experts in plankton science, including Dr Callum Whyte of »ئة«تسئµ, say novel techniques have potential to collect and analyse select types of plankton data more efficiently than traditional methods. They also have potential to fill knowledge gaps and generate more complete pictures of plankton dynamics, factors which have led to them being proposed as possible alternatives to current monitoring programmes.

However, the authors say that the old and new methods come with different advantages and costs, while their uses and benefits – across marine management and scientific communities – can actually complement each other.

As such, they believe more effective ways should be found for old and new programmes to integrate with each other, combined with greater efforts to retain the specialist taxonomic skills needed to accurately assess plankton species and diversity.

Dr Whyte said: “The paper is a review of the current methods used to monitor plankton around Europe, including methods such as the Imaging-Flow CytoBot (IFCB), which »ئة«تسئµ and UHI Shetland have deployed off a fish farm in Shetland.

“We make the case that while these new methods are useful and exciting they are a long way from replacing the ‘gold standard’ methods that we currently employ. That said, the paper also highlights the decline in trained plankton taxonomists and urges policy makers to address this through added, targeted funding.”

Many of the report authors are members of the Pelagic Habitat Experts Group (PHEG), which exists to connect plankton science to decision making in the UK.

Dr Matthew Holland, Research Fellow at the University of Plymouth and the study’s lead author, said: “Plankton support the entire marine food web and generate much of the oxygen we breathe. As such, we need to generate any information possible to ensure we know of changes in plankton communities and the impacts they could have on commercial fish stocks, sea birds, and the general health of the planet.

“There are amazing technologies coming on stream that can help with that – but existing monitoring has provided us with hugely valuable insights over the past six decades, and remains essential in tracking long-term changes in ocean health.”

The new study has been published at a time when there is growing global appreciation of plankton.

In September 2024, the Ocean Stewardship Coalition – an initiative of the UN Global Compact – launched a global Plankton Manifesto, which sought to emphasise the critical role of plankton in addressing the interlinked global crises of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss.

As part of the study, the authors make a series of recommendations which they believe will enable the scientific community to embrace novel technology, while also ensuring the continuity of standard monitoring time-series. They include:

- Gradual integration and intercalibration: We need to conduct parallel studies which apply novel methods alongside standard plankton monitoring to calibrate, align and verify novel data types against standard microscopy methods to ensure compatibility, consistency, and reliability.

- Rethink how we value and employ taxonomists: The need for skilled taxonomists is increasing, rather than declining, since their skills underpin an expanding suite of sampling methods. We need a much wider realisation of this taxonomic need, at all levels spanning from funder to that of individual institutes.

- Incentivise open data practices: Make data from both standard and novel methods more readily available for public use.

- Improve communication: The message that long-term time series are valuable for climate change research is still not getting through, and we need to better communicate the value of long-term science to policymakers, funders and the public, as well as establishing a better understanding of the true costs and benefits involved with the various standard and novel methods.

- Streamline/reprioritise standardised methods: We need to establish standardised data collection and analysis protocols that integrate standard and novel methods to ensure time-series remain comparable across sites and over time.

»ئة«تسئµ plankton scientists Dr Whyte and Prof. Paul Tett discuss these issues in depth on the Ocean Explorer podcast: